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...GEOGRAPHICAL... 

Outline Manual 

- OF - 

IHortb Bmerka. 

a j. M. RAPP, 
Principal Neola Public Schools f 
Neola, Iowa^ff^ 

l 19 

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 
Price 35 cents , 


Copyright Secured — 1902. 























wuuan i 


Geographical Outline Manual■ 


WIATHEJt B 8 XXA 




23201 

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f * l 'M4 


OF 


NORTH AMERICA , 


Considering the Physical Features of the Continent in Regard to the Influence 
Upon Some Historic Movements and Industrial Developments. 


Designed for the Use of Students and Teachers, 


BY 


((★ 

J XI. 
v • * 

Principal of Neola Public Schools, 


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1902 ★ 


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NEOLA, * < * IOWA. 


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PREFACE. 


The study of geography is at present in a transition 
period. The memorizing of isolated geographic facts is 
giving way to an application of geography to human 
affairs, especially to history and to industrial and com¬ 
mercial developments. There is a general tendency to 
trace the physical causes influencing the course of human 
events, and to determine the forces that bring about cer¬ 
tain conditions of climate and of production. While this 
little work cannot make great pretentions in this line, 
it was the intention to construct it on the plan indicated. 

An outline is not properly an Enumeration of facts. 
It is rather a guide to study. Hence, many parts are 
left for the student to fill out so that he may exercise his 
judgment and power of research. Some parts are filled 
out to indicate better the general plan of work, or to 
give information not readily obtained without a good 
supply of reference books. 

A few statistics have been added to arouse to inves¬ 
tigation; for example, Why is Nevada declining in pop¬ 
ulation? Whv have Idaho, Montana and North Dakota 
a greater increase per cent in population during the last 
decade than other states? What enables Rhode Island 
to support a greater population per square mile than any 
other state in the union? Investigations of this nature 
are a part of healthful geographical research. 

J. M. Rapp. 


Neola, Iowa, March 1, 1902 



— 4 


NORTH AMERICA. 

1. Is its location on the globe an advantageous one? 
That is, does the greater part of it lie so that human be¬ 
ing’s may develop on it unhampered by 7 excessive heat or 
cold? Also, is it so situated that intercourse with other 
continents is easy? By far the greater part lies in the 
temperate zone, in which man and the animals of the 
most use to him thrive the best. The second point must 
also be answered in the affirmative, when we consider the 
early discovery by the Northmen, in even their rude ships; 
the slight barrier the Atlantic was to Europeans after 
Columbus had shown the way; the short time in which 
an “ocean greyhound” may land us in Europe; the many 
telegraph cables that bind us to the Old World; the late 
attempt to dispense with cables and send through the air, 
messages across the Atlantic; the very probable scheme 
to unite North America and South America by means of 
a railway by way of Isthmus of Panama; its location be¬ 
tween Europe and Asia so as to have ready 7 ocean trade 
with each. Yet, it is isolated enough to have developed in¬ 
stitutions peculiarly its own, unhampered by Old World 
interference. 

2. Boundary. 

P Band. Name it. 

2‘ Water. 

1“ Name the three oceans forming its water boundary. 
2* Name the most important one of the three, and 
give reason for importance. 

3 ; * The least important one and reason for comparative 
non im porta nee. 

3. Ocean shore-line features. 

1' For m s of w a ter. 

I 3 Seas. 

1 ' Definition of sea. 

2 A Caribbean. 


l a Location. 

2 s Derivation of name. Named after the Carib 
Indians. 

3 r ' What larg*e coast indentation in about the same 
latitude in other parts of the world/ 

4“ Is it a benefit or a nuisance? To answer this 
question, note the influence of the sea upon the 
Gulf Stream, upon the moisture and temperature 
of the winds, its use as a highway of commerce, 
as a fishing ground, etc. 

2* Gulfs. 

I 4 Definition of gulf. 

2‘ Distinction between seas and gulfs. 

3' Notable gulfs on eastern coast. 

I s St. Lawrence. 

1“ Derivation of name. A small bay of the gulf 
was first given this name because it was dis¬ 
covered on St. Lawrence day. Later the name 
was applied to the gulf and river. 

3“ Large coast indentations in about the same lati¬ 
tude in other parts of the world. 

4' ; Is it commercially of much importance? 

5 H Is it of any importance as a fishing ground? 

2 5 Gulf of Mexico. 

1 K Reason for name. Derived from the Aztec word 
Mexitl, name of a divinity. 

2' 5 Location. 

3* Nation the most interested in it. Why? 

4 K Its importance. 

I 7 In regard to influence upon climate of the Miss¬ 
issippi valley. 

2 7 As a highway of commerce. 

3 7 As a fishing ground. 

5“ Is it a benefit or a nuisance? Reason for answer. 
(V 5 How many states of the area of your state are 
covered bv its surface.' 


— 6 — 


7 8 The Mississippi river is said to carry to the gulf 
every year about 600,000,000 cubic feet of sediment. 
Is the gulf becoming smaller at present? If not, 
why not? 

8 6 How far did this gulf formerly extend into the 
region now the United States of Americal 
9 If land should take the place of the gulf, how 
would the climate of the United States be affected 
by the change? 

3 5 Other gulfs and statements of their importance or 
non-importance. 

4 4 Notable gulfs on the western coast. 

I 5 Gulf of California. 

V Location. 

2 fi Would the climate of the neighboring land be se¬ 
riously affected if this gulf would become dry? 

3 6 Is it commercially important or unimportant? 

4 6 Why is there no large city on it? 

3 3 Bays, 

V Definition. 

2 4 Distinction between bay and gulf. Would it be ap¬ 
propriate to call Hudson bay a gulf or a sea? Which 
is more land-locked, the Gulf of Mexico or Bay of 
Bengal? Gulf of St. Lawrence or Bay of Biscay? 
From these and similar observations what conclusion 
do you draw in regard to the application of terms 
“bay” and “gulf”? See International Dictionary 
under “bay.” 

3 4 Distinction between bay and harbor, 

4 4 In general, are bays nuisances or benefits? Rea¬ 
sons for answer. 

5 4 Important bays. 

V On Arctic Ocean. 

1 <5 Reason for non importance of bays. 

2 5 On Atlantic. 


1“ Massachusetts bay, 
l 7 Location. 

2 7 Reason for name, 

3 7 Why important? 

4 7 Historic incidents. 

5 7 Seaport. 

2” Cape Cod bay. 

I 7 Location. 

2 7 Reason for name. 

3 7 Historic incidents. 

4 7 Seaport, 

3 8 New York bay. 

I 7 Location. 

2 7 Land boundaries. 

3 7 Waters bo/trdering it, 

4 7 Its two divisions and connecting channel. 

5 7 Noted island in it. 

1 M Staten. In the days of Dutch rule, this island 
was retained for the use of the government of the States 
of the Netherlands; hence, was called Staten Island, the 
the 0utch for States being Staten. 

2" Bedloe’s, named after an early owner. Belongs 
to United States government, and has on it Bartholdi’s 
statute of liberty enlightening the world. 

b 7 New York bay is the most important bay in North 
America. Is it naturally superior to Delaware bay and 
Chesapeak-fbay, or did artificial means give New York 
City the advantage over Philadelphia and Baltimore? 
Up to 1820, Philadelphia had a greater population than 
New York City, and in commerce the latter city was 
outranked by Philadelphia and* by Boston. 

7 7 Reason the sediment brought down by the Hud¬ 
son does not fill up this bay, which is greatly land-locked. 
The tide arrives sooner in New York harbor, by way of 
Sandy Hook, than by way of Long Island Sound. Since 


— 8 — 


this sound narrows, the water is heaped up, so to speak, 
at the New York end and that at a time when the tide 
is falling in the harbor; hence a swift current rushes 
through East river at that time and the water thus sup¬ 
plied causes the current out of the harbor to be stronger 
than it would be otherwise and to scour the sediment out 
of the bay more effectively. 

4" ChesapeakeBay. 

V Meaning of name.' Derived from an Indian word 
meaning mother of waters. 

2 7 Location. 

3 7 Doss the Susquehanna river enhance the commercial 
importance of this bay? Do the other rivers that flow 
into this bay? 

4 7 Fisheries. 

5 7 Historic incidents. 

5 <? Other important bays on the Atlantic coast of 
North America. 

3 r> On Pacific coast. 

F San Francisco Bay. 

I 7 Derivation of name. It is the shortening of the 
name of an early Spanish mission there; “Mission 
de los Dolores de Nuestro San Francisco de Assis” 
(Mission of the Sorrows of Our Father Saint Francis 
of Assisi.) 

2 7 Location. 

3 7 Bay on east coast in about the same latitude, 

4' The “Golden Gate.' What is it? Why so called? 
4 : * Sounds. 

V Define. 

2' Etymology. Derived from Anglo-Saxon and Iccl 
“sund,” (sound), a narrow sea or strait. The word 
“sund is still used in this sense in Scandinavian coun¬ 
tries. 

3' Difference between sound and bay. 


4' Some noted sounds. 

V Long Island Sound. 

1* Location. 

2" Does it have any influence on the climate along* the 
coast? 

3“ Is it used as a fishing* ground? 

4 M Do ocean steamers use it? The International En¬ 
cyclopedia has this to say: ‘ k It is navigated by an im¬ 
mense number of coasting vessels and steamers. This 
sound is the route of extensive commerce between New 
York and the principal cities of New England, and is 
navigated by many lines of steamers and sailing vessels. 
The narrow and rock-bound strait called Hell (late, 
at the western extremity of the sound, made this route 
practically unavailable for many years for vessels ap¬ 
proaching from the ocean, but by the removal of the 
* rocks by the U. S. government, a new and highly ad¬ 
vantageous channel for ocean steamers was opened.” 
(>' ! Its importance in keeping New York harbor from 
filling up. 

2' Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, 
p Reason for name. Albermarle was so called bv the 
early settlers in honor of Lord Albermarle. 

2 ,! Are of use for navigation and for ale-wife fisheries. 
3" Peculiaritv of formation of outer boundaries. The 
ocean waves strike the United States usually from the 
cast while the shore from Long Island down has a south¬ 
westerly trend. This causes the water to transport, 
in a southwesterly course, sand and other sediment ac¬ 
quired from rivers and wave-action on cliffs. On shallow 
continental shelves the action of breakers that carry 
much sediment establishes barrier beaches (islands of 
sand), such as are found from Virginia to Florida, In 
regard to the extent to which the making of barrier 
beaches has been going on along the before-mentioned 
strip of coast, note what is said by X. S. Shaler, Pro- 


— 10 — 


fessor of Geolog-yin Harvard, in his “Beaches and Tidal 
Marshes of Our Atlantic Coast:*” ‘‘By consulting- the 
excellent Coast Survey maps of the Atlantic shore of the 
United States, the student may note the fact that there 
is an almost continuous waterway inclosed by these 
wave-made islands, extending- in some cases for the dis¬ 
tance of many hundred miles. * * * * So incon¬ 

siderable are these interruptions, that a small boat can, 
with infrequent portag-es, be navig-ated from near Nor- 
.folk, Va., to Bay Biscayne, in southern Florida. It has 
indeed been proposed to develop this natural waterway 
into a ship canal which would afford a safe and easy 
way for vessels passing- along- this dang-erous portion of 
the continental shores.” In his “Story of Our Conti¬ 
nent” this same author says: “So continuous is this 
strip of land that it is possible to travel in a canoe 
throug-h the water they enclose almost all the way from 

the mouth of the Hudson River to Cape Florida.” 

5 a Straits. 

V Ftymolog-y of the word. See a g-ood dictionary. It 
may help the pupil to note that the French looked upon 
the Detroit River as being- a strait, hence the name De¬ 
troit, which means “strait.” On the other hand we 
find the term river, in East River, applied to a strait, 
that water-way being* salt water. 

2 4 Difference between strait and sound. “There is a 
tendency to call the larger connecting- bodies sounds, 
and smaller, narrow connecting- bodies, straits.” J. W. 
Powell, in his monograph on “^Physiographic Feat¬ 
ures.” 

3 4 Are straits detriments or benefits? To get pupils to 
form a conclusion on this question let them note the per¬ 
sistent efforts to get an isthmian canal (an artificial 
strait) between the two Americas. The early discov¬ 
erers and explorers, beginning* with Columbus, were 
eager to find a passage through America from the At- 

* Published by the American Book Company. 




lantic to the Pacific. Kingsof ancient Egypt connected 
the Mediterranean with the Red Sea and the demands 
of modern commerce led to the Suez Canal. 

4‘ Some North American straits. 

1° Davis Strait and Bering Strait are noticeable as 
links in the search for the Northwest Passage to 
India. Bering Strait is named after its Russian dis¬ 
coverer, Vitus Bering. It is only about 45 miles wide 
at its narrowest part and has islands in it; this would 
make it passable even in the rude crafts of savages. 
Its narrowness and lack of depth largely shut out the 
cold waters of the Arctic so there is no large cold cur¬ 
rent as in the Atlantic. McClure went through it 
in the only successful search for the Northwest Pas¬ 
sage, though he made it from west to ea<t. Norden- 
skjold came through in 187b, in the first successful 
search for the Northeast Passage. Nansen also made 
this passage by going through the strait and drifting 
westward. It is almost needless to say that these 
passages are of no commercial value. 

2'"’ Strait of Belle Isle, between Labrador and New 
Foundland, is of some importance from middle of 
spring until well into autumn as it is used by steam¬ 
ers plying between Canadian and European ports. 

2 2 Forms of land. 

I 3 Peninsulas. 

V Etymology of the word. 

2‘ Definition. 

3‘ Would a seaman in going from New York to New 
Orleans find the peninsula of Florida an advantage* or 
disadvantage? Would a sailor in going from Chicago 
to Cleveland find the peninsula of Michigan an advan¬ 
tage or a disadvantage? In going by water from Balti¬ 
more to Philadelphia how would a sailor regard the 
peninsula between Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay? 
From standpoint of commerce, are peninsulas detri- 


.12 - 


ments or benefits? How is the climate of these peninsu¬ 
las affected by the nearness of large bodies of water? 
Notice the agricultural products of Michigan in com¬ 
parison with those of the Dakotas. 

4' In general, are peninsulas advantages or disadvan¬ 
tages. 

5' Does the greater number of peninsulas of North 
America trend in the same directiou? May we, bv 
noticing the peninsulas of North America, formulate a 
general rule in regard to nature’s plan of arrangement? 
7' Enumerate the notable peninsulas of North Ameri¬ 
ca with their peculiarities. 

2 :i Capes. 

V The etymology* of this word takes us to the Eatin 
“caput,” meaning head, and we thus have a head of 
land projecting into the water. The same idea is em¬ 
bodied in the Anglo-Saxon “headland.” Other terms 
varying with the nature of the cape, are promontory, 
point, spit, and shoal. One prominent feature to be 
brought out in regard to capes is their menace to navi¬ 
gation. They may be rocks or sand bars extending out 
into the ocean one hundred or more miles. 

Some features of our light-house system and life- 
saving stations may-he brought out. Mention may prof¬ 
itably be made of former gangs of wreckers that misled 
ships by false lights so that the vessels were wrecked, 
the people that were washed ashore alive were killed, 
and the goods saved by the wreckers were sold. This 
was once a common practice near Cape Hatteras. 

In regard to how much shall be taught about capes, 
or which particular capes deserve mention, depends on 
how much the cape may have figured in human affairs 
or does so still. Thus, Cape Hatteras is considered the 
most dangerous on our Atlantic coast. It is made so 
partially by the Gulf Stream’s drifting towards it from 
the south and approaching it to within about twenty 


miles. Another reason is given by the United States 
Weather Bureau: “The force of surface winds is mod¬ 
ified to a great extent by the topography of the country 
over which they pass. Cape Hatteras is a point extend¬ 
ing far out into the ocean and, without the modifying in¬ 
fluence of hills, valleys, or forests, is exposed to the full 
force of the winds from all points of the compass. As 
the point named above lies in the average track of the 
West India hurricanes that pass up the coast during the 
late summer and early autumn months, it receives the 
full force of these severe storms, while other points along 
the coast are protected, more or less, by the modifying 
influences of hills and valleys by which they are at least 
partially surrounded.” The West India hurricanes 
usuallv leave the coast here and move eastward out into 
the ocean, thus leaving the coast to the north of this 
cape in less danger of storms. 

The naming of capes is interesting. Cape Fear and 
Cape Lookout as neighbors of Cape Hatteras are sug¬ 
gestively named. Cape Henry and Cape Charles show 
the loyalty of the early Virginia settlers. Cape Cod 
was so called bv Gosnold on account of shoals of cod fish 
he saw there. The Indian nam£ for it was Tamwock, 
which means cod fish. Champlain called it Cape Blanc, 
“White Cape.” Henry Hudson supposed this cape to 
be an island and called it New Holland. Cape Canaveral 
was so named by the Spaniards from the abundance of 
flowers there, the name meaning “ Land of the Rosetree. ” 
In regard to naming of Cape Gracias a Dios, Irving in his 
Life of Columbus says this: “At length after struggling 
for upwards of forty days since leaving Cape of Hon¬ 
duras, to make a distance of about seventy leagues, they 
[the Spaniards] arrived at a cape where the coast, mak¬ 
ing an angle, turned directly south, so as to give them 
an easy wind and free navigation. Doubling this point 
thev swept off with flowing sails and hearts filled with 



-14 


joy; and the admiral [Columbus], to commemorate this 
sudden relief from toil and peril, gave to the cape the 
name Gracias a Dios, or “Thanks to God.” 

2 4 Some other noted capes. 

3 : ‘ Isthmuses. 

V Etymology. 

2 4 Are isthmuses detriments or benefits? Note what is 
said under straits and peninsulas and draw your 
conclusion. 

3' Important isthmuses. 

1" Isthmus of Panama. This be long's politically to 
South America, but,on account of the canal projects,is 
more intimately connected with affairs of North Amer¬ 
ica and will hence be considered here. 

1" Length about 470 miles. 

2 <! Width, narrowest part about 31 miles. 

3 ,? Grand divisions joined? 

4 fi Countries joined? 

5W a t e r s se pa r a ted? 

()' ! General direction of trend. East and west. 

7 ,; Historic incidents. 

I 7 Balboa, an adventurer who escaped his creditors 
on Hayti by being, in a cask, conveyed on board of a 
ship, rose, by superior ability to chief command at 
Darien, now Isthmus of Panama. He discovered the 
Pacific Ocean, naming it South Sea. By means of 
Spaniards, Indians and negroes, he carried over the 
mountains to the Pacific, all the timber, iron and 
rigging for two ships for use on that ocean, only to 
find that he could not use the timber as it was sub¬ 
ject to destruction bv a certain kind of worm. Later 
he was beheaded. 

2 7 Pizarro crossed here on his way to Peru. 

3 7 Panama Rail way completed in 1855. 

1 K What circumstances demanded a railway at that 
place then? 


4 7 Panama Canal. 

1" Some reasons for an isthmian canal. 

1" Give our Pacific states a better market in the East¬ 
ern states and in Europe for grain,lumber, fruit, wine, 
and fish; in return they would get manufactured ar¬ 
ticles cheaper. 

2® Alabama coal and iron could be sent to Pacific 
states. 

3® There is a probability that Japan could get her sup¬ 
ply of raw cotton just as cheap from us as at present 
from India. 

4® Our Asiatic trade. 

5® Our Pacific possessions. 

6® Military considerations 

3 H Advantages of Panama route over Nicaragua route.'”' 
1® The shorter distance,—46.5 miles, against 183,66 
miles of Nicaragua canal. Since vessels must slacken 
speed in the canal, it is evident that the shorter canal 
allows the greater gain in time. 

2” Both termini, Colon and Panama, have good harbors. 
The harbor of Greytown is shallow and given tosilting. 
The harbor of Brito is too open to afford much shelter 
for vessels. 

3® It is paralleled by a railway. This is a great help 
in forwarding material for the building of the canal and 
also afterward in maintaining it. 

4 9 W ith improvements in engineering and in methods of 
excavation a sea-level canal, i. e., without locks, may be 
obtained. 

4“ Disadvantages of Panama route. 

1“ Greater distance from United States. It is 587 
miles nearer from New York to San Francisco by way 
of Nicaragua than by Panama. For a fairly fast 

"These statements are taken »rom the Congressional Record, 
with exception of statistics of Nicaragua route, which the Commission 
has since changed. 





16 


steamer this is equivalent to two days’ sailing*, or a 
saving-of more time than is required to pass througdi 
the canal. 

2 9 Unhealthful climate. 

3° Elevation to he overcome by means of locks or level¬ 
ing-down, 346 feet ag-ainst 165 feet in Nicaragua. 

4 9 Torrential rains and consequent rise in streams. 
The Chag-res River, which is known to have risen 42 
feet in one nig*ht, would be a constant menace. 

5 9 Calms prevailing- on the Pacific in the latitude of 
Panama. Capt. William L. Merry, minister to Costa 
Rica, reports that at one time, when in a steamer bound 
for San Francisco, he passed a sailing* vessel 40 miles 
south of Panama, bound for that port; that he went to 
San Francisco, unloaded his cargo, took another, and 
returned to Panama, passing* the same sailing-vessel still 
bound in and ten miles From port.' 1 ' 

5 R Some features of Nicaragua Canal. 

“The Nicaragua scheme includes a large, deep harbor 
at each end of the canal; a ditch from Grey town, on the 
Atlantic, to the San Juan River a few miles above its 
junction with the San Carlos River; a channel dredged 
in the San Juan to Lake Nicaragua, and across the Lake; 
and a short canal dug across the divide between the lake 
and the Pacific at Brito. The waterway will be 183.66 
miles long*, 300 feet wide and *35 Feet deep, and will in¬ 
volve some interesting engineering feats. 

“Greytown harbor is only 25 feet deep, and has sand 
bars less than six feet under water. A basin 35 feet 
deep and 1,800 feet across will have to be dredged there, 
and protected from sea waves and sand by jetties—pens 
of loose stone, 3,500 feet long, aird rising from the har¬ 
bor bottom to six feet above water. Less work will have 

* It is said that one-fourth of all large ocean vessels now con¬ 
structed are sailing vessels and tnat three fifths of our ocean traffic is 
still carried on in such craft. 



-17 


to be done at Brito. The .two harbors will cost about 
53,700.000. 

“Greytown harbor is so shallow that machinery and 
materials for the canal cannot be landed there. They 
will be put ashore at Monkey Point, 45 miles farther up 
the coast, and be hauled to Greytovvn by a railroad which 
Nicaragua is building. But to deliver them along the 
canal wherever needed, 100 miles more of railroad must 
be built, at a cost of 57,575,000. 

“Lake Nicaragua, from which the San Juan flows to 
the Atlantic, varies as much as thirteen feet in depth 
during the year. To dredge a lake channel which would 
be 35 feet deep at low water is too expensive.. The an¬ 
swer to this great problem, which threatened to spoil the 
whole canal project, is an enormous dam which will 
keep the lake at about the same level. The Conchuda 
dam, as it is called, will be across the wide San Juan, a 
few miles above the San Carlos. It will have many 
sluice ways and great gates operated by machinery, 
which will let the water roll through during the wet 
season, but dam enough of it during the dry season to 
keep the upper river and the lake at the right level. 
This dam will costover 56,000,000. ”—Little Chronicle. 

The trip of tin* Oregon from San Francisco to Jupi¬ 
ter’s Inlet took sixty-eight days and the coal it used cost 
546,908.28. By way of the Nicaragua canal it would have 
taken seventeen days and the cost of the fuel would have 
been 53.523. But still more important than time or cost 
of fuel was the greater risk of lossot ship and lives of our 
countrymen in the not only longer but much more perilous 
route around Cape Horn. 

The distance from New York to San Francisco via 
Cape Horn is 15,600 miles; via Nicaragua canal, 4,900 
miles; via Cape Horn, New Orleans is 380 miles farther 
from San Francisco than Liverpool is, but a Nicaragua 
canal would put New Orleans nearer than Liverpool bv 


-18 


3,480 miles; via Cape Horn, New York and Liverpool 
are about equally distant from the American Pacific 
ports; via Nicaragua, New York is 2,700 miles nearer to 
them than Liverpool is. The distance from New York 
to Yokohama via Nicaragua is 2,000 miles less than from 
Liverpool to Yokohama via Suez canal. This would give 
New York the advantage in trade with Japan. 

2 r> Other isthmuses. 

4* Ocean currents. 
l r * On Atlantic. 

P Warm. Gulf Stream. 

1 ’ Trace its course from Caribbean Sea to Iceland 

and to England. 

2 5 Reason for the course it takes. 

3 5 Reason for name. 

4* Effects. 

1 ,: On account of warmth of its waters it enables 
reef-building corals to live as far north as Florida, 
much farther north than they would otherwise be. 

2“ Since its average current is two and one-half miles 
per hour, it may accelerate or retard the speed of ves¬ 
sels. Sailors can tell by the deep-blue color of the 
water and by means of thermometers whether thev 
are in the stream. 

3 ,; In connection with the Arctic Current it produces 
fogs near New Foundland. In early fall the water in 
lakes and streams in our latitude is warmer than the 
air, especially in the morning. The surrounding cold 
air chills the warmer air over the water and makes 
its vapor visible as fog. In the same manner the 
warm air over the Gulf Stream is chilled and fo«- i s 
produced. Since the Grand Banks off 'New 
Foundland are much frequented by fishing ves¬ 
sels, and since the course of ocean steamers plying 
between this country and England is over the Banks, 
the prevailing fogs make navigation dangerous here. 


- 1 ( )-- 


To add to the danger, the Arctic Current brings 
large numbers of ice-fields and ice-bergs into this 
locality. 

4 e Formation of the Grand Banks and their fishing 
grounds. To the southeast of NevvFoundland is a sub¬ 
marine plateau being about 450 miles long in a south¬ 
easterly direction with a width of several hundred 
miles. At this point the Artie Current sinks below the 
surface and gives over its load of icebergs and ice-fields 
to the warm Gulf Stream. These are quickly melted 
and the rocks, earth, etc., carried by them drop to 
the bottom. Thus, in the long course of time the 
Grand B inks have bien formed. Materials brought 
bv the two currents furnish food for small marine 
animals and these in their turn are food for larger 
ones so that the waters teem with fish. Silver, 
Burdett & Co.’s “Our American Neighbors’’ gives 
a most excellent description of the fisheries here. 

2 * Cold. Arctic, or Labrador Current. 

I 5 Comes down on the west coast of Greenland, skirts 
the shore of Labrador, New Foundland, New England 
States, and may be traced to Florida, though rather “in 
streaks” than in a continuous stream. It is sometimes 
called the “Cold Wall. 

2* Effects. 

1° Those given in connection with Gulf Stream. 

2* The fish that are used so much for food, such as 
cod and herring, are cold water fish, so that if this 
cold stream did not flow along the New England coast, 
our fishing industry could not be what it is. So the 
“Cold Wall” is not an unmitigated evil. 

3 B The climate of Labrador and of New England are 
made much colder by this current. Compare temper¬ 
ature and vegetation of British Columbia with that of 
Labrador. Even Alaska is far warmer than Labra¬ 
dor. Give causes. 


- 20 — 

4" Seal fishing* on coast of Labrador, Seals come 
south on the ice-fields, in large numbers in spring*. 
2 3 On Pacific. 

V Warm. Japan Current, or KuroSiwo (Dark Stream); 
“dark,” because it is dark blue. In noticing the climatic 
effect of this current there must be born in mind the fact 
that when winds blow into regions colder than them¬ 
selves, the effect is rain, generally; when they blow into 
regions warmer than themselves, the effect is drouth. 
This warm current can not go north, far enough to lose 
its heat, hence when it flows southward from Alaska 
along the west coast of North America its most marked 
effects are those of a warm current. It greatly tempers 
the climate of Alaska since the current is warmer than 
the land of Alaska. The winds blowing over it become 
warmed and since they blow into a region colder than 
themselves they yield rains. As the current gets 
farther south, the summer temperature of the land 
is higher than the temperature of the current. 
Hence, winds that come from the ocean do not yield pre¬ 
cipitation until they become chilled in the mountains. In 
winter the temperature of the land is lower than that of 
the current, hence the ocean winds yield rain along the 
shore and inland. This feature is marked along the 
whole coast southward from Alaska, and becomes the 
the most marked in southern California. Here the dry 
season prevails from May to November, when the tem¬ 
perature of the land is higher than that of the current. 
The coast of northern Mexico has still less rainfall than 
Southern California because the winter temperature does 
mot sufficiently chill the ocean winds. This holds true 
about as far south as 23° N. 

5 Physical features. 

1* Mountains. 

I 3 Pastern Highlands. 

P Divisions. 





21 


1’ Appalachian System. 

1® Etymology of word Appalachian. 

2‘ 5 Termini of this system. St. Lawrence River 
in the north and northern part of Georgia and of 
Alabama in the south. 

3* Trend. 

4® Position favorable or unfavorable in regard to 
rain-bearing' winds? 

5 B Influence on course of history. In this brief 
work attention can be called to but a few facts in 
this line. However, the thoughtful student will 
find pleasure in investigating* this subject thorough¬ 
ly. A good work on this subject is Shaler’s “Man 
and Nature in America.” 

The early English settlers were bv these mountains 
hemmed in along the sea shore. When the struggle with 
the French finally came, they were a compact body com¬ 
pared with the French, who extended from the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, through the Mis¬ 
sissippi Valley. With such an advantage the issue 
could hardly be doubtful. 

When Kentucky and other states west of the moun¬ 
tains began to have considerable population, since com¬ 
munication with the Atlantic was difficult the 
settlers began to clamor for an outlet for their products 
and there were mutterings of cutting loose from the 
United States and setting up a government of their own. 
Under such pressure the United States government made 
strong efforts to secure the Mississippi River so that the 
settlers would have a market at New Orleans. The 
Louisiana Purchase was the result. 

Slavery was by nature shut out of the mountain re¬ 
gion; and, when the Civil War came, not only did these 
mountains cut in two the Confederacy east of the Mis¬ 
sissippi and prevent rapid co-operatiof! between the two 


parts, but also furnished over 100,000 soldiers for the 
Union armies. 

6 6 Mountain groups. 

1 7 White Mountains. 

1“ Location. 

2" Reason for name. 

3" Noted peak. 

4 8 Interesting features. 

2 7 Adirondack. 

1 8 Etymology of the word. The word Adirondack was 
by the Iroquois applied to their Algonquin enemies and 
means,“He eats bark.” The Indian name for this moun¬ 
tain group meant, “The gloomy wilderness.” 

2 8 Location. 

3 8 General character of the region. 

4 8 A large part of this region is now owned by the 
state of New York as a forest and game reserve. 

3 7 Catskill. The word “kill” is a Dutch word and 
means stream. There were many wild cats, tynxes and 
panthers along a stream running from the mountain 
group., hence was called “Kaater’s Kill,” and the moun¬ 
tains were named after the stream. Read Rip Van 
Winkle, and the “Postscript” to it concerning the In¬ 
dian legends of the Catskill Mountains 
7 ,! Ranges. 

I 7 .5 7 '.. ... 

2 7 ... 6 7 . 

3 7 . 7 7 . 

4 7 .. 8 7 .. . 

8“ Evidence of age. 

9 ,? Depressions along which they may be more easily 
crossed. 

I 7 Along the Hudson and Lake Champlain. 

2 7 Valley of the Mohawk. How has man utilized this 
natural depression? 

3 7 Valleys of the Potomac and the Monongahela played 











23 


an important part in settling of the Ohio Valley and in 
French and Indian war. 

4 7 A few passes, the most noted of which is Cumber¬ 
land Gap. 

10' 5 Rivers cutting* their courses throng’ll one or more 
rang'es. 

I 7 Connecticut. 5 7 . 

2 7 . 6 7 . 



Notice difference in direction of flow between the 
rivers north of the New River and the New and those 
south of it. 


When a river cuts through a mountain chain, the 
general supposition is that the river existed before the 
mountains. When the mountain upheaval occurred it 
was so slow that the river cut its way down at the same 
rate at which the mountains went upward. 
ll fi Mineral deposits. Locate chief region of each de¬ 
posit. Name the city forming the center of industry. 
I 7 Coal. Western Pennsylvania. Pittsburg. 

2 7 Iron. 

3 7 Petroleum. 

4 7 Natural g'as. 

5 7 Graphite. 

6 7 Granite. 

7 7 Zinc. 

8 7 Gold. 

12 fi Names of some well known peaks. 

13* Highest mountain east of Mississippi River. Mt. 
Mitchell, 6,688 feet high, in Black Mountains, N. C. 
2" Laurentian Highlands. 

F “Laurentian,” derived from word Lawrence, 

2 K Location. Northeast British America. 

3' 5 Termini. St. Lawrence River on the south, and 
Atlantic and Arctic oceans on the north. 









-24 


4 ,! Trend. 

5 H Reason for being* so little known. The reg*ion is 

little frequented by civilized man. 

T Western Highlands. 

V Divisions. 

1’ Rocky Mountains. Hardly any two geographies 
agree in regard to what is really meant by the term 
“Rocky Mountains.” The best authorities are given 
here. J. W. Powell in his “Physiographic Regions of 
the United States,” says this: “In an important sense 
all the mountains west of the great plateaus 
constitute a single group, though the regions 
into which they are devided are plainly de¬ 
marcated. There is a great diversity, and 
all known types are found; and there are large 
areas of plateaus and still greater areas of val¬ 
leys; yet for some purposes it is convenient to use a 
general term for them all. For this purpose two 
names have been used, Rocky Mountains and Cor¬ 
dilleras. The term Rocky Mountains has sometimes 
been applied to the entire group of groups, both by 
writers and in popular speech. The term “Cordilleras” 
has been used by a few writers to cover the same re¬ 
gion, but popular usage is confined mainly to the term 
Rocky Mountains. This name has been used in this 
broader sense by the officers of the general govern- 
ment, to cover the entire region, and has been woven into 
the federal laws with this meaning; so that official and 
popular usage coincide.” The foregoing refers, of 
course, to that part of the Western Highlands lvin<>- 
within the United States. Johnson’s Universal Encyclo¬ 
pedia states: “This great mountain svstem extends 
through the United States from its southern border, 
through British America and Alaska to the Arctic 
Ocean, or from the 30th to the 70th parallel north lat¬ 
itude.” The International Encyclopedia limits the 


application of the term as follows: “That portion of 
the great ranges ot mountains in the central and west¬ 
ern portions of North America which lies in the United 
States and British possessions.” We thus see that 
our Western Highlands are divided into two regions; 
the Rocky Mountains north of the southern boundary 
of the United States, and the mountains of Mexico 
and of Central America south of that boundary. 

1” Reason for name. “The name Rocky Mountains 
is very appropriate. On the mountains and plateaus 
of the greater part of the region naked rocks are seen 
to an extent rarely known elsewhere on the globe. 
The mountains are composed of crags and peaks of 
naked rocks, and the mountain streams run at the 
feet of towering cliffs, in deep gorges beset with 
rocks.” Johnson’s Universal Encyclopedia. 

2" Termini. 

3° Evidences of mountain youth. 

4 R Evidences of present volcanic activity. 

5" Evidences of past volcanic activity. 

6° Effect on rain bearing* winds in the United States. 
The high ranges along the coast deprive the winds 
of their moisture and thus there is an immense arid 
region, estimated to cover two-fifths of the United 
States without Alaska. It is also estimated that 
only about four percent of this area may be reclaimed 
bv irrigation, and only about ten per cent is forest 
clad. 

Whv do the high inland elevations get rain, while 
the valleys get comparatively little ? 

If there were no mountains in this region except the 
most easterly chain and the land would run in a grad¬ 
ual slope to the Pacific, what would be the character 
of this region ? 

V Name the most noted ranges. 

8" Names and location of the highest two peaks. Mt. 


-26- 


McKinley, 20,464 feet, in Alaska; Mt. Logan, 19,500 
feet, in Cascade range, Canada. 

9 s Name and location of highest peak on U. S. terri¬ 
tory excluding- Alaska. Mt. Whitney, 14,898 feet 
hig-h, in Sierra Nevada range, California. 

10 6 Minerals, 

ll 6 Are there across this system natural depressions 
to facilitate crossing as there are in the Appalachian 
system? Notice the railways across the Rockies to 
see whether they follow river valleys. 

12 s Rivers cutting their courses across one or more 
ranges. 

13 8 Noted natural phenomena. 

I 7 Canyons. 

I 8 Derived from a Spanish word meaning “hollow. ” 
2 8 Theory of formation. 

3 8 Benefits or detriments ? 

4 8 What is remarkable about them ? 

5 8 Name and locate some noted ones. 

2 7 Enumerate other phenomena. 

14 8 Trees and other plants peculiar to this region; 
that is, not found native elsewhere. 

15 8 Animals peculiar to this region. 

16 8 Description of this region in Longfellow’s Evan¬ 
geline. 

Far in the West there lies a desert land, where the mountains 
Lift, through perpetual snows, their lofty and luminous summits. 

Down from their jagged, deep ravines, where the gorge, like a gateway, 
Opens a passage rude to the wheels of the emigrant’s wagon, 

Westward the Oregon flows and the Walleway and Owyhee. 

Eastward, with devious course, among the Wind-river Mountains, 
Through the Sweet water Valley precipitate leaps the Nebraska; 

And to the south, from Fontaine-qui bout and the Spanish sierras, 
Fretted with sands and rocks, and swept by the wind of the desert, 
Numberless torrents, with ceaseless sound, descend to the ocean, 

Like the great chords of a harp, in loud and solemn vibrations. 

2 5 The mountains extending from the Rio Grande to 
South America. This part has no definite name as a 
svstem. 


V Respects in which they differ from the Rockies. 

2 2 Plateaus. The following* quotation from J. W. Pow¬ 
ell’s “Physiographic Features” illustrates one phase of 
the application of terms in the field of geography: “It 
is not practicable to discriminate clearly plateaus 
from plains, and in the common practice of applying names 
some confusion arises. The same region of country will 
sometimes be called a plain and sometimes a plateau; for 
a plateau is but an elevated plain, and the degree of ele¬ 
vation and gradation to which it must submit ere its 
name is changed cannot always be determined with ex¬ 
actness. * * * * * A plateau is only a lifted and 

rather irregular plain, and a plain is a more regular and 
less lifted plateau.” 

I 3 The American plateaus in which the most human 
interest centers are those of Mexico and Central Amer¬ 
ica, because they afford the best conditions -for human 
life in those regions. The coastal plains there are too 
unhealthful and the mountains too cold and barren for 
the proper development of human energies. 

2 3 The Great Plains are noticeable on account of their 
vast extent from the interior of Canada into Mexico, 
from the base of the Rockies eastward. Their grazing 
industrv, the railways crossing them, the attempts at 
irrigation, and their being not far from the geographical 
center of a great and prosperous country, make this 
plateau an object of interest. 

3 3 The Western Highlands abound in plateaus. Some 
are noted for natural scenery and are known as “parks.” 
Others are noted for being forbidding deserts. Others 
again are noted for being capable of irrigation and thus 
furnish the much needed agricultural products for the 
mining regions. 

3 2 Plains. 

I 3 Coastal Plain. Extends from Cape Cod along the 

entire coast to South America. 


28 


1‘ Atlantic Coast Plain. Extends from the lower 
Hudson in a southwesterly direction between the At¬ 
lantic ocean and the Piedmont Plateau. The water shed 
between the rivers flowing into the Atlantic and those 
flowing’ into the Gulf marks the boundary line between 
the Atlantic Coast Plain and the Gulf Plain. Where 
the plain merges into the Piedmont Plateau is a well 
marked line of demarkation ft called the “Fall Line,” 
readily traced bv the waterfalls and rapids of the 
streams. Along this Fall Line are a number of flour¬ 
ishing cities^— T ren ton, Wilmington, Washington, 

- Richmond, Raleigh, Columbia, Aug'usta, Milledgeville, 

■ MaGOii and-Columbus (in Gulf Plain) in Georgia. The 
sites of these cities were formerly occupied by Indian 
.r-.-iv^W^ge's,4>eca-tise -there was a break in the navigation 
; of the streanfs, an(l from these points the Indians 
cbtild g'o up stfearn and down stream for war, chase 
or trade. Later, when the white man came, trading 
settlements were located at these places,and later still 
the falls furnished water-power for factories, and 
r ;>-jiiarked the limit of steam navigation from the coast. 
Thus does the human family tread in paths laid out 
by mother nature. 

2" Gulf Plain. Extends from Atlantic Coast Plain on the 
east to the Rio Grande on the west in shape of inverted 
“V>” northward to mouth of Ohio River. 

3® Coast plains of Mexico and Central America. Find 
characteristics. 

2 4 Prairies. The word is derived from a French word 
meaning “extensive meadow.” Bryant, in his poem 
“The Prairies,” alludes to this, 

“These are'the gardens of the Desert, these 
The unshorn fields, boundless and beautiful, 

For which the speech of England has no name— 

T he P r a i id e s 

2 s There are two prairie regions, the boundaries of 


2 ( ) 


which are necessarily irregular and indefinite. The 
northern one extends westward from northwestern 
Ohio until it merges into the Great Plains, and north¬ 
ward from the Ohio and the Missouri. v 
The southern prairie region runs down from the north¬ 
ern between the Great Plains on the west and the 
Ozark Mountains and the Gulf Plain on the east to the 
Rio Grande. 

3° Reason for being treeless at the coming of the white 
man. Lack of rainfall in some parts; also tires started 
by Indians to increase pasturage for the buffalo. It 
is supposed that much that was forest formerly was 
thus reduced to open prairie. 

3* The Northern Plain, Slopes northward from north¬ 
ern limit of the United States between the Rocky Moun¬ 
tains and Hudson Bay. Contains the “Barrens,” or 
feeding grounds of the caribou and the musk ox. 

4‘ Other plains of some extent. 

4* Rivers. 

I 3 Primary uses of rivers 

\ 4 Drainage, or carrying off the waste water of the 
land. 

2‘ Gradation of earth's surface. 

2‘ Four secondary uses. 

3 3 Many interesting historical incidents may be brought 
out in connection with the study of rivers. Some rivers 
bear in their names the stamp of the people naming 
them. The names James, Charles, Delaware, and Hud¬ 
son are unmistakably English. Such names as St. 
Lawrence, St. Croix, St. John and St. Mary’s bear the 
stamp of people of the Roman Catholic faith. Some of 
the names throw light on the peculiarities of the river; 
Connecticut means long; Colorado, red; Tennessee, 
big bend; Big Sandy was so called from its sand bars. 
In regard to motives that impel explorers to give certain 
names to rivers, Dr. Coues in his lecture on Lewis and 


30- 


Clark’s expedition gives a good account: “The mouth 
of the Yellow Stone was reached April 25. They (Lewis 
and Clark’s forces) went on and discovered Milk River, 
which they named from the color of the water; they 
passed the Musselshell; they reached Judith’s: River, 
which Capt. Clark named for the lady he afterward 
married; they reached Maria’s River, which Capt. 
Lewis named for a *lady whom he never married. 
* * * * They went on again and named Smith’s 

and Dearborn’s rivers for the then secretaries of the 
navy and of war, respectively. They soon entered the 
stupendous chasm they called the Gates of the Rocky 
Mountains, swept past the present site of Montana’s 
capital, and then Capt. Clark, who was in advance, at 
one moment discovered the three great rivers which 
unite to form the Missouri—the Jefferson, the Madison 
and the Gallatin, so called for the President and two of 
his cabinet—names they bear today. With an unerring 
instinct the explorers chose the Jefferson as the main 
continuation of the Missouri, and went up it as far as 
they could push or drag their boats. In passing its 
three principal branches, they named them Philosophy, 
Philanthropy and Wisdom rivers, in recognition of the 
three great qualities to be found in Jefferson; but a later 
age (‘which knew not Joseph’) changed the names to 
Willow Creek, Stinking Water, and Big Hole river.” 

4 3 Name the most important three rivers in regard to 
drainage. 

5 3 The most important one in regard to commerce. De¬ 
troit. 

6 3 Name three short but commercially important rivers. 
Detroit, Hudson and Delaware. 

7 3 Name three large but commercially unimportant 
rivers. Colorado, Rio Grande, Missouri. 

8 3 Rivers used to float rafts. 

* Daughter of President Jefferson. 





31- 

9'* Rivers much used for water power. 

10 : ‘ Rivers noted for fish. 

11* Rivers connecting lakes. 

12 3 R ivers forming’ boundaries of political divisions. 

13 8 Some rivers of historic fame. 

14* Some long* and shallow rivers. 

15' Rivers with canyons. 

16 a Rivers having* less water at the mouth than higher 
up in course. There are a number of rivers of this 
kind. The most of them start from the Rockies and 
How long distances through dry or comparative!v dry 
regions, thus losing by evaporation and by sinking into 
the soil. The Missouri is a good example. After 
leaving the mountains it gets no strong tributary in its 
lower course. While the rivers appear long, they are 
shallow and narrow. In the summer and fall the rain¬ 
fall in this region is not copious and the evaporation 
great. In addition, the Missouri furnishes water for 

o 

the many artesian wells of South Dakota. Other rivers 
of this kind are Platte, Arkansas, Rio Grande, and the 
Colorado flowing into Gulf of California. The last named 
river,with the exception of the Nile, flows through 
a greater distance without being joined by a tribu- 
tarv,than any other river of the world. Part of this dis¬ 
tance is through deserts,where the evaporation isgreat. 
17 3 Rivers having noted scenerv. 

18 3 Rivers named after some peculiarity of theirs. 

19 3 Rivers named after white persons. 

20 3 Rivers named after Indians. 

21 3 Rivers showing by their names the nationality or 
religion of the namer. 

22 3 Before the day of railways, rivers were of much 
more commercial importance than now. The Missouri 
used to be of considerable commercial importance, but 
has now dwindled into insignificance. However, in the 
earlier development of our country, these highways 


were all important. The Century Magazines for No¬ 
vember and December, 1901, have excellent articles on 
the importance of rivers in the development of our 
country. 

6 Political Divisions. 

P Do the physical features of North America favor the 
establishment of large nations? Are the present boun¬ 
daries such as those separating Canada, United States 
and Mexico, natural or arbitrary? 

In primitive times, rivers, lakes and mountains served 
as fairly effectual boundaries between tribes and na¬ 
tions. Now such physical features are no longer 
barriers. The Great Lakes are not considered a barrier 
between this country and Canada; rather, on account of 
their being a common highway of commerce for both 
countries, the tendency is to follow the dictates of na¬ 
ture to have the St. Lawrence system under the control 
of one nation just as the whole Mississispi system is in 
one country. The whole boundary line between our 
country and Canada is arbitrary and nature has done 
nothing to keep apart the two countries now existing 
side bv side. What is your conclusion in regard to the 
Mexican boundry? 

But for a common language and common traditions 
the Appalachian Mountains would have become a boun¬ 
dary between the people along the Atlantic coast and 
those of the Mississippi Valley. Even with these fa¬ 
vorable conditions there were serious mutterings of dis¬ 
content west of the Appalachians early in the Nine¬ 
teenth Century. 

But for swift means of communication and transporta¬ 
tion our Pacific and our Rocky Mountain states could 
hardly form one nation with our Atlantic states. 

2' Independent. 

I 3 United States of America. 


-33 


V The physical features of the United States have 
been mentioned to some extent under the general treat¬ 
ment of the physical features of all North America, and 
the same method of treatment may be followed more in 
detail in studying* our country. Various methods may, 
of course, be pursued in a detailed study of our Union. 

It is a good plan to find the causes for the existing 
order of things. There is hardly a state that does not 
excel in some product. If the product is a plant or a 
manufactured article, find what are the conditions that 
make the state excel in that line. 

Thus Florida is, by its climate, unfitted for wheat. 
Its soil makes corn and cotton unprofitable. But its 
equable and semi-tropical climate invites fruit culture 
and gardening. Its soil is poor, but nature has put close 
at hand vast stores of fertilizers. Swift steamers and 
trains carry the products to northern cities. So Florida 
is a gardening and fruit growing state. 

If you investigate in your grocery store, you will 
find the greater quantity of canned goods, even corn and 
tomatoes, sent in from other states. Why is it that far 
off Maryland can successfully compete in canned corn 
with the canneries of a corn growing state? An inquiry 
from the Department of Agriculture brought this an¬ 
swer: In Maryland “There are some few [canneries] 
that put up only one class of product, but as a rule the 
canneries arrange so they can handle at least three or 
four different vegetables or fruits. A large portion of 
the canneries of Maryland are located in the rural dis¬ 
tricts, hence there are seldom more than three vegeta¬ 
bles or fruits that can be secured at one place in such 
abundance as will warrant canning. There are some 
canneries located in Baltimore that run pretty much the 
year round in canning fruits, vegetables, oysters and fish 
products. Some of these canneries handle large amounts 
of fruits not raised in the state, as, for instance, pine- 


-34- 

apples, which are handled in Baltimore in large quanti¬ 
ties. 

“I expect the cost of labor, both in raising these 
products and the labor in the canning houses, is much 
cheaper here [Maryland] than with you [Iowa]. Also 
materials are likely to be somewhat cheaper with us 
than in your section. Most of the labor in canning 
houses is performed by foreignors who move out into the 
country with their families and virtually camp out dur¬ 
ing' the canning season. In fact, they folluvv this class 
of work the year round, g'oing into the berry section-, 
picking berries, peas, beans, etc; from there to the can¬ 
ning houses, and from the canning* houses back to the 
cities to engage in oyster shucking, etc. This is a very 
cheap yet efficient class of labor for such purposes.” 
Much material may be gathered in this line from 
newspapers, magazines, government publications, etc. 

For the purposes of study, the states of our Union may 
be grouped according to location as is done in the most 
school geog'raphies and in government reports. Another 
way of grouping is according to products. This group¬ 
ing may lead to much fruitful investigation. Thus, 
California and Florida are both orange states; what sim¬ 
ilar conditions prevail? Both do not raise much corn; 
why? In Florida the soil is too poor to raise corn profit¬ 
ably and in California the heat is not intense enough to 
ripen corn properly. California raises wheat, Florida 
does not; what difference in conditions? Delaware, 
Michigan and California are noted peach growing states. 
What causes produce similar climatic conditions? What 
dissimilar climatic conditions in these two states? 

Maine is not a corn growing state, because, though 
in the river valleys the soil is fertile enough, the autumns 
are not warm enough to ripen corn properlv. For this 
reason the people resorted early to canning corn. The fol¬ 
lowing is from the Department of Agriculture: “Maine 


—35— 

was the pioneer state in the corn cannings industry, and 
the excellent quality and flavor of Maine sweet corn has 
enabled packers to maintain themselves against the pow¬ 
erful competition of the corn growing- states. The 
whole number of factories in the state is about 75. In 
1899, the latest year for which state statistics are at 
hand, the area planted in sweet corn was 11,050 acres, 
and the number of cans packed was 22,100,000.” In 
that year the corn canning states ranked as follows: 
New York, Illinois, Maine and Iowa, the names being given 
in order of rank. In the May Century for ’97 a writer 
on California, says: “It is a curious fact that the sup¬ 
ply of canned sweet corn [for California] comes mostly 
from Maine.” 

An inquiry into the causes that make certain local¬ 
ities and sites proper ones for the location of cities is 
also conducive to stimulate geographical research. Thus 
New York City lies on an exceptionally fine bay, and at 
the mouth of a navigable river leading into a fertile 
country. The Erie Canal gave it an impetus that put it 
far ahead of its early competitors, —Phiadelphiaand Bal¬ 
timore. 

Philadelphia is the type of a seaport located neither 
at the ocean nor at the mouth of a river, since it is about 
100 miles from the ocean and 40 miles above the mouth 
of the Delaware River. On account of the cheapness of 
carrying, ocean vessels take on their cargoes as far 
inland as possible. Hence we find many seaport cities 
located far up the mouths of rivers. New Orleans is 
about 100 miles above the mouth of the Mississippi River 
and Montreal 425 miles above the mouth of the St. Law- 
rence. 

Mention has been made of the cities located along 
the Fall Line on the western border of the Atlantic 
Coast Plain. In the same manner we find Louisville, 
Ky , located at the Falls of the Ohio, and St. Paul and 


—36— 


Minneapolis at the falls of St. Anthony, in the Missis¬ 
sippi. 

In considering' the reasons why certain industries 
are located where they are, the native ability of the peo¬ 
ple must also be taken into account. The water power 
of the New England States enabled them to build up 
great manufacturing- industries; their favorable sea coast 
led them early to commerce. But above all was the 
industry and the really wonderfully inventive g'enius of 
the people. The activity of this g-enius is shown by the 
number of inventions. In 1900 Connecticut led all the 
other states in the number of patents issued per capita, 
being* 1 to every 1203 inhabitants; Massachusetts ranked 
second and Rhode Island third. In contrast we find 
South Carolina with only one patent to every 28,517 
in habitants. 

We find Providence, Rhode Island, to have gained 
the supremacy in the making of jewelry, because one of 
its jewelers invented the process of “filling” the gold 
with cheaper material and applied machinery in the 
manufacturing. Inventive genius made this little state 
lead-in the manufacture of silverware, and in 1890 it 
made nearly one-half of this kind of ware produced in the 
United States. 

In Connecticut we find Charles Goodyear, the in¬ 
ventor of vulcanized rubber; Samuel Colt, the inventor 
of the famous Colt’s revolvers; and Terry and Jerome, 
pioneers in the clock industry. Here were also made the 
first modern bicycles. The following is from the census 
report of 1900: “The patents granted to the inventors of 
one city in Connecticut show a small per cent, of an in¬ 
finitude of small wares, such as bottle-top handles, shot 
pouch chargers, lamp holders, bread toasters, scissors 
sharpeners, machines for sticking pins in paper (which 
helped Connecticut to undersell other markets), picture 
nails, eyelets, napkin holders, uteiisels for mixing liquids. 


perforated music sheets, washing’ machines, drawer 
pullers and church pew head rests.” 

Sometimes we find an industry located far away 
from the place where we should expect it. In Omaha, 
Neb., we find immense works for smelting silver ore, 
yet both the ore and the fuel for smelting it have to be 
hauled long distances. How is this accounted for? 

The editor of the “Omaha Bee” gave the following- 
excellent explanation in a personal letter, which is pub¬ 
lished by his consent: “It does not pay to have smelters 
at small mining camps on account of cost of machinery, 
lack of fuel, etc. Hence, many small mining camps send 
their ore to a central smelter which must necessarily be 
at a place easily reached by rail from many points. The 
Omaha smelter handles vast quantities of ore from 
Mexico and British Columbia, especially the latter. As 
there is a duty on silver ore, the smelter must, of neces- 
sitv be located where there is a custom house as it is 
smelted “in bond” and the product shipped out of the 
country again to avoid payment of duty. 

“Another reason is that drawing ore from so many 
sources the smelter is enabled to maintain and operate a 
much larger plant than if it handled the product from 
onlv one district. In this there is economy in operation and 
also allows the introduction of the most approved meth¬ 
ods which, in many cases, are impracticable in a small 
plant. For instance, the smoke from all the smelting- 
furnaces at the Omaha works passes through several 
thousand feet of inclosed passage ways until all the solid 
matter settles. From this are saved the arsenic, gold 
and silver, which became volatile in the intense heat of 
the furnaces. In a small smelter this would not be 
worth the trouble and expense, but in a large institution 
it is a very considerable item. 

“The most importart reason of all is that to get the 
best results both in economy of smelting and in the 


—38— 


greatest per cent, of the product from many, in fact, the 
most of the ores, it is necssary to mix them with ores of 
another nature. These are usually not found in the 
same district with the silver ore and have to be purchased 
and shipped to the smelter wherever it may be located. 
This would be impracticable in remote mining- camps. 

“Then there is a market for the by-products,such as 
copper, and even for the slag, which may be used for 
paving purposes.’’ 

Leading states in some of our products in 1900, un¬ 
less otherwise stated. 

Apples— 

New York, 6,400,000 bushels; Michigan, 4,200,000 
bushels. 

Barley— 

California,14,856,170 bushels;Iowa,11,708,822 bushels. 
Buckwheat— 

New York, 3,280,158; Pennsylvania, 3,188,402 bushels. 
Corn— 

Iowa,305,859,948 bushels; Illinois, 264,176,226 bushels. 
Cotton— 

Texas, 2,438,555 bales; Georgia, 1,284,000 bales. 

Oats— 

Illinois, 133,642,884 bushels;Iowa, 130,572,138 bushels. 
Potatoes— 

Michigan, 16,630,941 bushels; Wisconsin, 15,619,641 
bushels. 

Rice ’99— 

Louisiana, 107,792,000 pounds; South Carolina, 23,- 
054,720 pounds. 

Rye— 

Pennsylvania, 4,416,299 bushels; New York, 3,189,- 
165 bushels. 

Tomatoes, Canned, ’99— 

Maryland, 3,000,000 cans; New Jersey and Indiana, 
each 800,000 cans. 


39 


Wheat — 

Kansas, 82,488,655 bushels; Minnesota, 51,509,252 
bushels. 

Cows, Milch, ’99— 

New York, 1,478,416; Iowa, 1,263,283. 

Horses, ’99— 

Texas, 1,125,645; Illinois, 983,233. 

Mules— 

Texas, 260,502; Missouri, 165,026. 

Sheep— 

New Mexico, 3,786,000; Montana, 3,717,000. 

Swine— 

Iowa, 3,408,281; Missouri, 2,949,818, 

Wool— 

Montana, 9.627,444 pounds; New Mexico, 7,402,975 
pounds. 

Manufacture of Cotton Goods— 

Massachusetts, South Carolina, North Carolina. 

Salt— 

Michigan, 7,206,510 barrels; New York, 4,894,852 
barrels; Kansas, 1,645,350 barrels. 

The adaptation of some of the states for the products 
in which they lead is so well known that no explanation 
is necessary. Other points may need investigation. We 
find the leading- potato states to be such as do not raise 
much corn on account of the summers’ not being long 
or hot enough. The same is true of rye, and in addition 
rve is raised in the higher parts of the two states men¬ 
tioned, places in which wheat may be in danger of frosts. 
Buckwheat is a short summer crop and may be sown 
when it may be seen that other crops will be failures. In 
the higher parts of New York and Pennsylvania late 
spring frosts are not uncommon, so buckwheat is one of 
the safest crops the farmer has. 

Sheep need less water than cattle and can also sub¬ 
sist on scanter vegetation, hence we find them to be more 
profitable in our more arid states ;ind territories. 


40- 


Some statistics concerning* the population of the 
United States inclusive of Alaska and Hawaii, and ex¬ 


clusive of other acquisitions: 

Total white population.66,990,802. 

“ negro “ 8,840,789. 

“ Indian • “ (taxed). 137,242. 

“ “ “ (not taxed).... 129,518. 

“ Chinese “ 119,050. 

“ Japanese “ 85,986. 


Georgia has the greatest negro population,—1,034,- 
813, but the whites outnumber the negroes. Mississippi 
and South Carolina have more negroes than whites. 
The former has 907,713 negroes, or 141,552 negroes to 
every 100,000 whites. The latter has 782,321 neg'roes, 
or 140,249 negroes to every 100,000 whites. Ten years 
ago the negroes outnumbered the whites in Louisiana, 
but do so no more according to census of 1900. 

California has the most Chinese, 45,753; Hawaii is 
second with 25,767, and Oregon third with 10,397. 
Hawaii leads with 61,111 Japanese, and California fol¬ 
lows with 10,151. 

Alaska has the most taxed Indians, 29,536; Califor¬ 
nia is second with 13,828, and New Mexico third with 
10,207. Iowa has 382 Indians. No state in the Union is 
without Indians, though in Vermont the number dwindles 
down to five and in Maryland to three. 

Indian Territory leads in untaxed Indians, 51,393; 
Arizona follows with 24,644, and South Dakota is third 
with 10,932. 

2 3 United States of Mexico. 

U Area,—767,000 square miles. Note that Mexico was 
formerly two and one-fourth times as large as now. and 
that our country has five-ninths of that former area. 

2' Coast Line. 

V The eastern coast is sandy and has poor, shallow 
harbors. The river mouths are too much silted to 







41 


serve as harbors, the tidal action not being* strong* 
enough to carry away the sediment. 

2 3 The western coast has much better harbors, yet the 
largest seaport is on the east; account for it. 

3^ Physical features. 

1 B Forms of relief. There is an Atlantic slope and a 
much shorter and steeper Pacific slope, both running* 
down from the Mexican Highlands, of which the Sierra 
Mad re is the highest and longest range. 

1" Lowlands along the coast to an elevation of 3,000 
feet, with a hot, tropical and unhealthful climate. 

2” Temperate lands rising* from 3,000 feet to (>,000 
feet. This land lias really a semi-tropical climate and is 
sometimes called the Paradise of Mexico. 

3® The cold lands lie over (>,000 feet above sea level. 
The lower part of this region conforms more to our 
temperate zone, and extends into regions of perpet¬ 
ual snow. The names were bestowed by the Spaniards, 
who came from a warm country; hence, they found 
even the lower part of this region cold, while an 
Englishman would not have considered it so. Mex¬ 
ico City itself is in this region, being 7,350 feet above 
sea level. 

2* Rivers. 

V Short and but slightly navigable even under the 

most favorable circumstances. Account for it. 

4 4 Climate. 

l fl Some features indicated under forms of relief. 

2® Rainfall much heavier on Atlantic coast than on 

Pacific. Why? 

3® William Hawley Smith, in his “Walks Abroad,” 
has this to say of the climate of the City of Mexico on 
the dry interior plateau. “We got to the City of 
Mexico about the middle of January and we left the 
first of March, and if we saw a cloud in the sky bigger 
than Barnum’s circus tent during all that time, I have 


-42- 


• 

forgotten it. Six weeks of sunshine without a break; 
and I was told by perfectly reliable parties that it had 
been just that way ever since the first of October, and 
that that was the regular thing every year. * * * 

“In early April the rains begin, and they come de¬ 
cently and in order. In the first place, they always 
come in the afternoon. It never rains in the morning 
in Mexico City. The showers come about 5 o’clock in 
the afternoon, and they are generally over by seven. 
Sometimes they last until into the night, but not often. 
The mornings are always bright, and a fellow has a 
fair chance to get his work done, every day, before 
the rain begins. 

“During June, July, and August, it rains everv day 
from five to seven,p. m., and no postponements on ac¬ 
count of the weather. By October first, the rains are 
over, and they can be absolutely relied upon not to 
show up again until the following April.” 

5 1 Products. Corn, wheat, beans, coffee and pepper 
are used much for food by the Mexicans. Almost all the 
products of the world may be raised here, as the /Climate 
from the coast to the mountains runs through all stages 
from the tropical to the frigid. Coffee and oranges are 
exported in large shipments to the United States. Cattle, 
dye-wodds and tobacco are also exported. , 

6 4 Inhabitants. 13,545,462, by census of 1900. 

I 5 Races. One authority estimates that over 90 per 
cent of the population have at least one-eighth Indian 
blood. Another authority estimates that 22 per cent are 
whites, 31 per cent Indians, and the rest mixed. Al¬ 
though generally the intelligence is among the whites, 
Indians may rise to the -highest station. Juarez, who 
was a" full-blood Indian, was president during the 
trouble with the French and Maximilian, and is ranked 
among Mexico’s greatest men. President Diaz, 
serving his sixth term, has Indian blood in his veins. 


now 


43 


2" Religion. According to census of ’95, 99.1 pet* cent 
were Roman Catholics, 

3* Language. Spanish and Indian. In '95, of the 
454 periodicals published, one was in German, two in 
French,twelve in English and 439 in Spanish. 

4 5 Education. Theoretically it is free and compulsory, 
but the laws are not enforced. The same laws and con¬ 
ditions prevail in the Central American republics and in 
Santo Domingo. In '95, only 14.3 per cent of population 
of Mexico could read and write. 

4 n Some features of Mexican life. The United States 
government published the results of investigations into 
the every dav life of our Mexican population in New 
Mexico. Since conditions are similar in Mexico in many 
respects, a part of the report will be quoted: 

“In the case of the poorer classes of Mexicans, one 
family, often large, usually occupies but a single room of 
less than 20 by 30 feet. This room has but a single 
door, and one or possibly two openings in the wall to ad¬ 
mit the light. These ‘windows’ have no glass, and are 
o uarded bv wooden slats into the wall a few inches apart. 
The floors of the houses are simply bare ground and the 
roofs are made of poles covered with brush, or some sim¬ 
ilar material, on top of which is spread a liberal coating 
of adobe mud. This constitutes the only protection 
ao-ainst rain, which, however, seldom falls. The flat 

s 

roofed houses, made of earth, present a very peculiar, 
box-like and unprepossessing appearance. They are, 
however, about the most comfortable residence for this 
country, the thick walls serving to equalize the tempera¬ 
ture. 

“The houses of the poor people are usually supplied 
with skins of sheep and other animals, which serve both 
as chairs and as beds for the children. When grinding 
corn and other articles in the metate and doing other 


— 44 — 


kincK <*f house work, the women usually sit on the floor 
on these skins. 

“A very peculiar feature found in most of the houses 
is the swallows’ nests attached to the ceiling*. The 
swallows continually flitting in and out of the door feed¬ 
ing their young, seem to he entirely at home among the 
dogs and children. 

“The ‘tortillas,’ or cakes made of flour or ground corn, 
are one of* the most generally and extensively used foods. 

When the tortillas are made from corn, the kernels are 

\ 

first boiled with lime, which softens them. The skin is 
then usually, though not always removed, and the grain 
is ground in a crude stone grinding apparatus, or 
‘metate’, consisting of a concave slab of stone and a 
smaller convex piece, which is held in the hands and 
which serves as a pestle. 

“The chili [ pepper] is cooked alone, and also with 
various other articles of feed. It is prepared bv first re¬ 
moving the stems and seeds of the pods * " * after 

which it is sometimes ground in the metate, but is 
usually soaked in water and the inner or edible portion 
separated from the outer skin by squeezing in the hands. 
Owing to the extremely strong irritating effect on the 
hands, this operation cannot be performed by an amateur. 
The Mexican women, however, become so accustomed to 
it that it seems to have no effect on them. 

“Among- the poor families the meals are served on the 
floor in the middle of the room, the family sitting around 
the food and eating without knives, forks or plates. 

“In passing from the poor to the well-to-do classes, 
and from the country to the towns, the manners and cus¬ 
toms become more and more Americanized, until finally 
there is little difference in these respects between Amer¬ 
icans and Mexicans. In the families of people in mod¬ 
erate circumstances living in the towns the stove and 
the table make their appearance, and the meals are 



45— 


cooked and served more nearly in the American manner. 
A threat variety of food is also used, including - some 
meats and other animal foods. The frigoles and chili, 
however, are never discarded from the Mexican diet, no 
matter how high the station in life.” 

7 * Government. 

l r> Political divisions. Twenty-seven states, two ter¬ 
ritories and one federal district, each of which manages 
its own internal affairs. 

2“ Executive department. President elected for four 
years bv electoral college. 

5* Legislative department. Congress. 

1" Senate. Five senators from each state and the 
district, elected for four \i-ars by “all respectable 
male adults” of the minor divisions. 

2“ House of Representatives. Members elected for 
two years on basis of one for every 40,000 people; elect¬ 
ed by “all respectable male adults.” 

4° Judicial. A supreme court and inferior courts. 

5 3 Like the other Spanish American republics, Mexico 
has had a turbulent existence. The Britannica states 
that since Mexico is independent, it has had about 300 
revolutions, successful or abortive. Since Diaz is presi¬ 
dent there has been no revolution, and the prosperity of 
the country with the influx of foreign capital makes re¬ 
bellions more and more improbable. 

8 4 Chief cities. 

1* City of Mexico, capital and metropolis; 402,000 in¬ 
habitants in 1000. Connected by rail with the United 
States, and but six days’ travel from New York. Char¬ 
coal is the main fuel and very few houses have chimneys. 
Buzzards are street scavengers and are protected by 
law. 

2 5 Vera Cruz. Chief seaport of Mexico, though it has 
an unsafe harbor. “The drainage of the city flows 
down open channels in the middle of the streets, which 


—46- 


are almost on a level with the sea. This, combined 
with the wretched water which the inhabitants are com¬ 
pelled to use, the marshy and utterly barren nature ot’ 
the surrounding- country, and the pestilential nature of 
the climate generally, easily accounts for the frightful 
ravages of the yellow fever in the summer.” 

3 3 Guatemala. 

V Area, 46,774 square miles. Which state of our 
Union is nearest to it in si 7a? 

2 4 Population, 1,545.632. Sixty per cent of the people 
are Indians, and the pure-blooded whites are rare. 
Chief amusements are bull-fighting and cock-fighting. 
Ranks first in population among the Central American 
republics. 

3 4 Capital. New Guatemala, a city of about 60,000 
inhabitants, well supplied with water works, street 
cars, electric lights, etc. Delights in the sobriquet, 
“Paris of America.” 

4 3 Salvador. 

V Area,—a little smaller than New Jersey. This is the 
smallest but the most densely populated of the Central 
American republics, having 110 persons to the square 
mile, while all Central America has 17 persons per 
square mile. It also ranks second in population. 

2 4 Population, 800,500. About 55 per cent of the peo¬ 
ple are Indians, 5 per cent white, and the rest mestizoes. 
The people are credited with being progressive and 
peaceful. 3 4 Capital is San Salvador, 

5 3 Honduras. 

1‘ Area, 42,658 square miles. 

2 4 Population is relatively more Indian than that of any 
other Central American country. 

3 4 Products. Corn is the chief food. Bananas and 
cocoa nuts are shipped in large quantities to New 
Orleans as a distributing point. 

4 4 Capital is Tegucigalpa. 


() a Nicaragua. On account of the proposed Nicaragua 
canal, of more importance to us than any other Central 
American country. 

1" Area. About the size of the state of North Carolina, 

with but two-ninths the population of that state. 

2 1 Capital is Managua. 

3* Population, 420,000. D. O. Kellogg, in “Self Cul¬ 
ture,” for July, ’98, says the following of the people: 
“In that country it is the custom to group the people 
into two general classes; the pure Indians and the Ladi- 
nos, the latter embracing every one that does not wear 
clothing like the aborigines. The Indians of pure blood 
comprise one-third of the inhabitants. There are but 
few of them in the departments along the Pacific coast, 
but elsewhere they preserve their own languages and 
customs, though many of them are familiar with Span¬ 
ish. There are 150,000 half-castes and 20,000 negroes, 
who live mostly along the Atlantic coast, and of whom 
many speak English. The whites comprise about one- 
tenth of the people, and are generally of Spanish extrac¬ 
tion. There is virtually no immigration, as the condi¬ 
tion of affairs tends to repel it. 

“A great obstacle to the progress of the country is its 
agricultural labor system, which is substantially peonage. 
Theoretically, complete freedom is the condition of every 
Nicaraguan, but it is true only so long as he is out of 
debt. The moment the laborer is so indiscrete as to 
contract a debt, his liberty entirely disappears. He can¬ 
not pay his obligation in money or produce, neither can 
anybody discharge it for him. He must work it out at 
the hopeless rate of twenty cents a day. 

“As labor is scarce, and very little of it either skilful 
or intelligent, it is the policy of every planter to get his 
work-people in debt and to keep them in that condition, 
which is not a hard task, A small payment of wages in 
advance, a supply of food, or clothing, even a priest’s 


—48— 


fee for a marriage, or a baptism, discharged by a planter, 
suffice to put the laborer at the disposal of a master. 
From that time on a peon is compelled to carry with him 
a book or written memorandum stating where and for 
whom he works, as well as the amount of his indebted¬ 
ness. Once tangled in this coil, the planter takes care 
that the poor fellow shall not escape from servitude. 
As the laborer is unable to read and write, his condition 
is very much what the planter inscribes it. He is charged 
for rent and for supplies of the necessaries of life at 
rates over which he has no control. He makes no bar¬ 
gains, but simply submits. Reduced to this condition, 
his creditor can transfer his claims to the man’s toil wit h¬ 
out consulting him. and to whomsoever he pleases. This 
is slavery, only it is not. hereditary.” 

7 :5 Costa Rica. 

I 4 'Area. A little larger than Vermont ind JNew 
Hampshire together. 

2' In regard to physical features, Minister Merry re¬ 
ports: “It must be remembered that mountainous re¬ 
gions in Central America are not barren like the Rocky 
mountains and the Sierra Nevada in the United States. 
The rain-fall is generally heavy throughout Costa Rica. 
The mountains are covered to the summits with vegeta¬ 
tion, and, except at the summits, with a soil generally 
fertile.” 

3 4 Population, 275,000. (Estimate of Minister Merry.) 
“The population is more homogeneous and progressive 
than that of any other Central American state.”—John¬ 
son’s Encyclopedia. Minister Merry writes: “One 
advantage that Costa Rica has over other Spanish Amer¬ 
ican republics is the fact that her soil is largely owned 
by small land owners, who make their homes there and, 
as small producers, are interested in a peaceful life.” 
Imports more products from the United States than any 
other Central American countrv. 


—49 


5 4 Capital, San Jose. 

8 3 Haiti. Negro republic. On western part of island of 
same name. 

I 4 Area, 10,204 square miles. 

2 4 Population, 1,200,000. Ninety per cent are negroes, 
the rest largely mulattoes. Whites are not allowed to 
own real estate. French language is spoken. The 
people are turbulent and many rebellions occur. The 
country is not in a prosperous condition, and the peo¬ 
ple look upon foreigners with disfavor. 

3 4 Capital, Port-au-Prince. 

9 3 Santo Domingo. Negro republic on eastern part of 
Island of Haiti. 

I 4 Area, 18,045 square miles. 

2‘ Population, 600,000. Inhabitants are chiefly negroes 
and mulattoes, though whites are comparatively numer¬ 
ous. Spanisli is the prevailing language. People are 
more progressive than those of the Republic of Haiti. 

3 4 Capital, San Domingo. 

3* Cuba. Independent, under protection of U. S. 
A constitution has been adopted, and Tomas Estrada 
Palma was elected president by the electoral college, 
February 24, 1902, and will be inaugurated May 20th. 
The United States troops will all be withdrawn except 
those in the coast defences. 

4* Dependent. 
l a British possessions. 

I 4 Dominion of Canada. 

1“ Gross area, 3,653,946 square miles. 

2’ Population 5,371,051, according to census of 1901. 
This is an increase of but 10 per cent during the last 
decade. Prince Edward Island had a decrease of 
about one-fourth of one per cent in its population. 
Manitoba an increase of about 65 percent, and British 
Columbia an increase of 100 per cent. About one- 
third of the population is French Roman Catholics, 


-50- 


that in spite of being- British subjects for over one 
and one-third century, still preserve their customs 
and the French lang-uag-e. The most are found in 
the Province of Quebec. The Indians number 93,316, 
census 1901. Notice that the state of New York 
has nearly two million inhabitants more than all 
Canada. 

3 5 Physical features. 

l e Forms of relief have been mentioned under the gen¬ 
eral head of North America. 

2 6 Rivers. 

l fi St. Lawrence. This river is one of Canada’s nat¬ 
ural advantag-es, as it forms a higdiway for commerce 
from the interior to the ocean. Since the clearing* 
awav of some of the obstructions and the building- of 
canals at the rapids, ocean steamers ascend this stream 
to Montreal. On account of their vast area, the volume 
of the Great Lakes varies little on account of floods,and 
since they furnish by far the greater part of the water 
of the St. Lawrence, its volume never varies much. 
Its waters are remarkably clear because the sediment 
settles in the Great Lakes; on account of the nature of 
the soil, the rivers flowing- into it are also clear, 
especially the Ottawa. The head waters of the St. 
Lawrence are the St. Louis, a tributary of Lake Su¬ 
perior, and the leng-th of the whole river is about 2,100 
miles. 

2° Ottawa. A remarkably clear stream flowing- throug h 
a heavily timbered country. It is said that the lumber 
interests carried on along- this river surpass that of any 
other river in the world. 

3 e The Mackenzie, named after its discoverer, is a g-ood 
type of large, commercially unimportant rivers. It is 
capable of floating- ocean-g-oing- vessels, but it flows 
from a sparsely settled region into one totally uninhab¬ 
ited by civilized people, and into an ocean frozen over 


- 51 - 


during at least half of the year, and is itself frozen over 
during a period almost as long. On account of its head¬ 
waters being in a warmer region than its mouth, the 
ice thaws and breaks first at its source, is carried 
on to the ice still unbroken, thus causing ice gorges, 
which in their turn cause the river to overflow and form 
wide marshes. Name other rivers of similar conditions. 

4*’ Government. 

V The chief executive of Canada is a Governor General 
appointed by the British sovereign for a term of five 
years. He is supported bv a privy council headed by a 
premier, who is a member of Parliament and leader of 
the political party having the majority. Salary is 
^10,000 per annum. The present Governor General is 
the Earl of Minto. The chief executive of each province 
is a Lieutenant Governor appointed by the Governor- 
General. 

2 6 The legislature of Canada is called Parliament, and 
consists of a Senate and a House of Commons.There are 
eighty senators, nominated for life, from the several 
provinces, by the Governor-General. Each senator must 
be at least thirty years old and have real or personal 
property to the value of at least S4,000. The members 
of the House of Commons are elected by the people for 
a term of five years on basis of one for every 20.000 
persons. Each province has its own legislature chosen 
by the people just as each state of our Union has its 
own legislature. 

3 6 Judicial. 

4 6 Political divisions. 

P Provinces. 

I 8 Ontario. This is the most densely populated of 
the Canadian provinces and includes one of Canada’s 
most favored regions, — the peninsula extending down 
between Lake Huron on the west and lakes Erie and 
Ontario on the east. These lakes tend to equalize 


-52— 


the temperature and make it possible to raise large 
crops of apples, pears, berries and grain. This penin¬ 
sula is sometimes ealled “The Garden of Canada.” 
The density of population here is about 65 to the 
square mile, while it is a little over 1 to a square mile 
for all Canada. Toronto is the capital and largest 
city. It is on a fine harbor on Lake Ontario. Its 
former name was York, and during* the war of 1812 
the American general Pike was killed here by the 
explosion of a powder magazine at the moment of 
victory. 

2” Quebec is a rather rugged country and lies on both 
sides of the St. Lawrence River. It is a little larger 
than Ontario, but not so populous. By far the great¬ 
er number of people are French-speaking Roman 
Catholics. The capital is Quebec, the oldest city in 
Canada. The river narrows here and the strong- 
fortifications on top of the bluffs control the naviga¬ 
tion of the St. Lawrence. Oil account of its strong- 
fortifications it is sometimes called “The Gibralter 
of America.” It retains many French characteristics 
and in that respect resembles our New Orleans. 
Montreal, on an island in the St. Lawrence, opposite 
the mouth of the Ottawa, is the largest city in Can¬ 
ada. It owes its importance to being the head of 
ocean navigation on the St. Lawrence, over 425 miles 
from the mouth of the river. That the St. Lawrence 
has great volume up to this point is shown by the ap¬ 
pearance of a whale off Montreal in November, 1901. 
Lillian W. Betts, in the “Outlook” for December 29, 
1900, has this to say of Montreal: “There are two 
Montreals—the old and the new; the one keeping its 
characteristic apart from the other, in houses, people, 
language. In the old city French is the mother 
tongue. Young and old use it, and it is a common 
experience to find boys and girls of fifteen to eighteen 


-53- 


unable to understand a word of English, * * * * 

It is startling- when the street cars pass into certain 
sections of the city to hear the conductor call out the 
names of the streets in French; it is not unusual to 
find a conductor who has great difficulty in answer¬ 
ing- questions in English.” 

3" Nova Scotia. This province was formerly known 
as Acadia, but the English named it Nova Scotia 
(New Scotland), as the intention was to found a 
Scotch colony there. It consists of the peninsula of 
Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island, and is a little 
larger than Vermont and New Hampshire combined. 
The climate is equable on account of the province’s 
being* almost entirely surrounded by water and is 
moderated by the Gulf Stream. 

Annapolis, formerly Port Royal, was founded bv the 
French in 1604, and is thus one of the oldest towns 
on the continent. It was renamed in honor of Queen 
Anne, for whom also was named our Annapolis in 
Maryland. Halifax is the capital and largest city. 
It owes its growth and prominence to its fine harbor 
which is never ice-locked. The United States Hy¬ 
drographic Office savs this about it: “Unless under 
most exceptional circumstances, Halifax harbor may 
be considered to have the advantage of never being 
closed bv ice; for, although in very severe winters, 
when the low temperature has been accompanied by 
a continuous calm weather, the inner part of the har¬ 
bor has been frozen over, yet this has occurred only 
at intervals of many years, and even then, * * * 

there is always sufficient open water in which vessels 
mav anchor in safety. Even when the ice forms op- 

•j ~ 

posite the city, it never remains long, for it is broken 

up by the first southerly wind of sufficient strength 
to send a swell into the harbor." It is strongly for¬ 
tified and is headquarters for the British squadron for 
North America. 


54— 


4 8 New Brunswick was also a part of Acadia. Un¬ 
like Nova Scotia, it is subjeet to great extremes of 
temperature ranging' from 95° to—35°. Lumbering' 
and fishing are the chief industries. The harbor 
of St John, located where the river St. John 
flows into Bay of Fundy, is ice-f.ree. The United 
States Hydrographic Office makes this statement: 
“The harbor of St. John is safe, commodious and 
always accessible, and in consequence of the great 
rise and fall of tide, added to the velocity of the 
stream, its navigation, even during the winter months, 
is never impeded by ice.” Capital is Fredericton. 

5 8 Prince Fdward Island is the smallest of the Can¬ 
adian provinces, being about the size of Delaware. 
It was discovered bv Cartier and named Isle St. Jean, 
which name it bore for 265 years. In 1798 the legis¬ 
lature changed the name to Prince Fdward Island, in 
honor of the late Queen Victoria’s father, who was 
theft commander of the forces in British North 
America. Capital is Charlottetown. 

6 8 Manitoba is sometimes called the“PrairieProvince” 
of Canada. It is about the size of Kansas. This 
province has developed rapidly since the construction 
of the Canadian Pacific railway, and is noted for its 
fine wheat farms. In 1901 this province raised over 
85,000,000 bushels of grain, about 50,500,000 bushels 
of which were wheat. Winnipeg, the capital, has 
had a remarkable growth the last decade, increasing 
in population 86 per cent, a record surpassed bv but 
few of our cities in the same decade. 

7 8 British Columbia is the largest of the Canadian 
provinces and had the greatest per cent of increase in 
population during the last decade. This increase was 
due largely to development of the mining industry; 
other causes were the development of the fisheries, 
and of trans-Pacific shipping in connection with the 


Canadian Pacific railroad. The climate is mild along* 
the coast. Why? Why such contrast between the 
climate of this province and climate of New Found- 
land? Capital is Victoria. 

2 7 Northwest territories,—Alberta, East Assiniboia, 
West Assiniboia, Saskatchewan. 

3 7 Unorganized territories. 

2 4 New Foundland. The name is a survival of Cabot’s 
“The new found land.” This British colony comprises 
the island of New Foundland and the eastern part of 
Labrador. It has refused to become a part of the Feder¬ 
ation of Canada because it and the Dominion government 
can not agree on terms. The main points of contention 
are the share of New Foundland’s debt the Canadian 
government is to assume, and compensation for use of 
Newfoundland’s crown lands so that they may be open 
to all Canadians. 

3' Bermudas. A group of about 360 coral islets some 
624 miles east ward from Cape Hatteras. They are im¬ 
portant to Great Britain on account of being midway 
between her West Indian possessions and those of British 
North America. Their location also makes themof great 
strategic value and England has made here one of her 
strongest forts, as from this point any part of our Atlan¬ 
tic coast may be threatened. 

4 ' West Indian possessions. Principal islands. 

I 8 Bahamas. A group of some 3,000 islands and islets, 
twenty-five of which are inhabited. They contain Wat- 
ling’s island, the probable San Salvador of Colum¬ 
bus. 

2 s Jamaica. Largest of British West Indian possess¬ 
ions and is a little larger than Porto Rico. 

3 * Barbadoes. This island is the most easterly of the 
West Indies. Its entire area has been brought under 
cultivation, so there is no chance for negroes to “squat” 


—56— 


on unoccupied land; they are therefore compelled to la¬ 
bor and are more industrious and more thrifty than they 
generally are. They form about nine-tenths of the 
whole population. “The population is remarkably 
dense,being 1,571 per square mile.” (Longman’s School 
Geography. 

4 5 Trinidad. This is the most southerly of the West 
Indies, and is but ten miles from the coast of Venezuela. 
It is noted for its productiveness and its lake of asphalt, 
or pitch. This pitch forms an important article of com- 
commerce, and is used in paving of streets, making of 
tar felt, and in tar rooting. 

5 5 Nevis. A little island noted as birthplace of Alex¬ 
ander Hamilton. 

5 4 British Honduras, or Belize, in Central America. 

2 5 French possessions. 

I 4 St. Pierre and Miquelon off the south coast of New 
Foundland. France retains these islands as gathering 
places for her fishermen in the neighborhood of New 
Foundland. 

2 4 Martinique, Guadeloupe and some smaller i-lands 
in the West Indies. These are remnants of efforts of 
the French to establish themselves in the West Indies. 
Much sugar is produced. The people are represented 
in the National Assembly at Paris. Martinique is noted 
as the birthplace of Empress Josephine. 

3 3 Dutch possessions. Curacao and a few other small 
islands. Remnants of Dutch attempts to gain territory 
in North America. At one time governed by Peter 
Stuy vesant. 

4 3 Danish possessions. Greenland and Iceland. 


POPULATION STATISTICS 




Increase 
per cent 

Rank in 

Density per 




Population 

population 

square ‘mile 

Area in Square Miles 1 



since 








1900 

1890 

1900 

1890 

1900 

1890 

Land 

Water 

United St ates . 

7rt.3< >3,367 

21. 



25.6 

35. 

21.2 

29. 

*2.970,038 

51.540 

55.562 

710 

Alabama. . 

1.838.007 

20.9 

18 

17 

A laska.. . 

<*3.592 


51 


.1 

*‘*590.884 

ion 

A rizona. 

122.911 

67. 

49 

4s 

1.1 

.8 

112.920 

A rkans&s. 

1 Jill.504 

16.3 

25 

24 

25. 

21. 

53.045 

805 

California. 

1.485.C53 

22.7 

21 

22 

9: r. 

7.8 

156.980 

2,380 

Colorado. .... 

539,71*0 

908.420 

30.7 

31 

31 

5 2 

4 

103.645 

4.845 

280 

145 

Connecticut. 

21.7 

2*4 

29 

ls7.5 

154. 

Delaware. 

ls4.7-in 

9.6 

46 

42 

94. 

80. 

1,960 

90 

DistricUof Columbia. 

378.718 

21. 

42 

39 

4045. 

3841*. 

60 

10 

Florida. . 

528.542 

35. 

32 

32 

9.7 

7 2 

54,240 

58.980 

4,410 

495 

***6,449 

510 

Georgia. 

2.216,331 
154. not 

20.6 

11 

12 

37.6 

31.2 

Hawaii. 

71 1 

48 

23.9 

Idaho. 

161.772 

88.6 

47 

45 

1.9 

1 l 

84,290 

56,000 

35,910 

31,000 

55.475 

Illinois. 

4 JO 1.5*0 

26. 

3 

3 

80. 

68. 

650 

I Indiane. . 

2.516.462 

14 8 

8 

8 

70. 

61. 

440 

Indian Territory. 

;*i3.060 

117.5 

39 


12.6 

5.8 

400 

1 Iowa .T. 

2.231.853 

16.7 

10 

10 

40.2 

34 5 

550 

Kansas. 

1 470.495 

a.9 

22 

19 

18. 

17 5 

81.700 

380 

Kentucky. 

2.147.174 

15.5 

12 

11 

53 7 

40.5 

40.000 

400 

^[Louisiana. 

1,381.625 

23.5 

22 

25 

30.4 

24.6 

45,420 

3,:$oo 

i ^Maine. 

694.466 

5. 

30 

27 

23.2 

22. 

29.895 

3,145 

''Maryland. 

1.188.044 

14.2 

26 

27 

120.5 

105.7 

9.860 

2.350 

Massachusetts... 

2.805.3 di 

25.3 

7 

6 

348.9 

2-78.5 

8,040 

275 

Michigan. 

2 420.982 

15.6 

9 

9 

42 2 

36.5 

57,430 

1.485 

Minnesota . . 

,754,394 

33.8 

19 

ao 

22. 

16.5 

79.205 

4,160 

Mississippi. 

1,551.270 

20.3 

20 

21 

33.5 

27.8 

46.340 

470 

Missouri.. 

3.106.665 

16. 

5 

5 

45. 

39. 

68.735 

145.310 

680 

Montana. 

2i:i.;i29 

75. 

44 

44 

1.7 

1. 

770 

Nebraska. 

1.066.300 

.7 

27 

26 

13.9 

13.8 

76.840 

670 

N evada. 

43.335 

**n. 

52 

49 

4 

.4 

109,740 

960 

New Hampshire.. 

* 411 588 

9.3 

36 

33 

45.7 

41.8 

it.005 

300 

New Jersey. 

1.883.669 

30.4 

16 

18 

250.3 

193.8 

7,525 

290 

New Mexico. 

195.31M 

19.4 

45 

43 

16 

1.3 

122.460 

120 

New York . 

7.268 894 

21 . 

1 

1 

152 6 

126. 

47.620 

1.550 

North 1 Carolina. 

1.893.810 

17. 

15 

16 

39. 

33. 

48.580 

3.670 

North Dakota. 

.319.146 

70.9 

41 

41 

4.5 

2.7 

70.195 

600 

Ohio. 

4.157.545 

13.2 

4 

4 

102 . 

90. 

40.760 

:ioo 

Oklahoma. 

398.331 

518. ' 

38 

46 

10. 

2. 

38.830 

200 

Oregon . 

413.536 

30.4 

35 

38 

4.4 

3.4 

94.560 

1.470 

Penns<Ivania. 

6.302,115 

19.9 

Q 

2 

140. 

116.9 

44,985 

230 

Rhode Island. 

428.5:56 

24. 

34 

33 

407. 

318.4 

1.053 

197 

So )th Carolina. 

1.340.316 

16.4 

24 

23 

44.4 

38.2 

30.170 

4 00 

South Dakota . 

401 570 

16.8 

37 

37 

13 

5.2 

4.5 

76.850 

800 

• ennessee. 

2.020.616 

14.3 

14 

48.4 

42.3 

41.750 

300 

TV \ 

3.048.710 

36.4 

6 

i 

11.6 

8.5 

262.290 

3,4*>0 


V76.749 

32.2 

43 

.40 

3.4 

2.6 

82.190 

2.780 

Vermont. .. 

‘ 343.641 

3.4 

40 

36 

37.6 

36.4 

9.115 

430 

Virginia. 

1.854.184 

12. 

17 

33 

15 

40.2 

41.3 

40.125 

2,325 

Washington. 

. 518,1»3 

40 4 

28 

14 

7.7 

38.9 

38. 

5.3 

66.8s0 

24.645 

54.450 

2,3(*0 

West Virginia. 

958.800 

25.7 

28 

13 

31. 

31.1 

136 

1.590 

Wisconsin . 

2.069.042 

2.’. 3 

Wyoming. 

. 92.531 

49.2 

50 

47 

.9 

.6 

97,575 

315 











* Exclusive of Hawaii und Alaska. '* Decrease In population. »** Gross area. 


SUMMARY OF CENSUS BUREAU. 



Population. 

.. .75,994,576 

Area per square 
3,025,600 

Philippine Islands. 

Porto Rico. 

Hawaii ,,. 

.... 6,961,339 
.. 953,243 

... 154.001 

199,542 

3,606 

6.449 

Alaska - - . 

63.592 

590,884 

Guam . 

9.000 

150 

American ^anioa . 

b 11)0 

72 

Persons in military and naval 
service outside Continental U. 

S. 91,219 


Grand total for U. S . 

...84,233.069 

3.826.301 

















































































































—58— 


Since the foregoing summary was made the Danish 
Islands of the West Indies have been acquired. The 
following - are the most recent statistics concerning - them: 

St Thomas, 23 square miles, 10,886 inhabitants. 

St. John, 40 square miles, 915 inhabitants. 

St. Croix (Santa Cruz), 81 square miles, 19,683 in¬ 
habitants. 

“These islands, together with Porto Rico, are of 
great importance in a strategic way, whether the strat¬ 
egy be military or commercial. St. Thomas is the nat¬ 
ural point of call for all European trade bound to the 
West Indies, Central America, or northern South Amer¬ 
ica. The island of St. Thomas offers conditions suita¬ 
ble for developing a first-class military outpost. The 
island possesses all the natural advantages, enabling it 
to be converted into a second Gibralter.” (Report of 
Senate Committee) 


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